Born in Paris, he is the nephew of François Mitterrand, who was the President of France from 1981 to 1995, and the son of engineer Robert Mitterrand (1915-2002) and Edith Cahier, the niece of Eugène Deloncle, the co-founder of "La Cagoule".

He went to the Lycée Janson de Sailly in Paris and studied history and geography at the Paris West University Nanterre La Défense, and political science at Sciences Po. He taught economics, history and geography at EABJM from 1968 to 1971. In 1978, he was a film critic at J'informe. From 1971 to 1986, he run several art film cinemas in Paris (Olympic Palace, Entrepôt and Olympic-Entrepôt). He also had roles in a number of films, and was in the 1980s active as a producer and director in TV productions.

In June 2008, Mitterrand was appointed as the director of the French Academy in Rome by President Nicolas Sarkozy. A year later, on 23 June 2009, Mitterrand was appointed to the French government as the Minister of Culture and Communications.

Mitterrand, who is openly bisexual, writes a monthly column for Têtu.

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