Actuality and potentiality, substantial form and prime matter, efficient causality and teleology are among the fundamental concepts of Aristotelian philosophy of nature. Aristotle's Revenge argues that these concepts are not only compatible with modern science, but are implicitly presupposed by modern science.

Among the many topics covered are:

- The metaphysical presuppositions of scientific method
- The status of scientific realism
- The metaphysics of space and time
- The metaphysics of quantum mechanics
- Reductionism in chemistry and biology
- The metaphysics of evolution
- Neuroscientific reductionism

The book interacts heavily with the literature on these issues in contemporary analytic metaphysics and philosophy of science, so as to bring contemporary philosophy and science into dialogue with the Aristotelian tradition.